Asta-i tare!
Belief
Dualism
◆ Mind and body are distinct and non-identical entities.
Monism
◆ Mind and body are manifestations of a single entity.
Representative Thinkers
Dualism
◆ Plato
◆ Aristotle
◆ Rene Descartes
Monism
◆ Heraclitus
◆ George Berkeley
◆ Baruch de Spinoza
Existential View
Dualism
◆ All existence is separate and distinct. Individuals are clearly different from the concept of supreme self, i.e. body and soul are two distinct entities, and upon the death of the body the soul remains a distinct entity.
Monism
◆ All individuals exist as one, and have the same potential. Upon the death of the individual, the consciousness merges with the common supreme self (individual becomes one with God, so to speak).
Religious View
Dualism
◆ Religious dualism proposes the existence of two opposing universal powers/entities.
Monism
◆ Religious monism claims that either all divinities are interchangeable forms of the same cosmic entity or no such entity exists at all.
Religions
Dualism
◆ Christianity
◆ Zoroastrianism
◆ Judaism
Monism
◆ Atheism
◆ Hinduism
◆ Buddhism
Types
Dualism
◆ Interactionism - Mind and body are separate but they interact to induce events in each other.
◆ Epiphenomenalism - Only physical events can induce mental events, and not vice versa.
◆ Parallelism - Both mind and body function in a parallel manner in harmony, but do not interact with each other.
Monism
◆ Materialism - Only physical matter exists, and all perceptions are a result of physical processes only.
◆ Idealism - Everything exists as mental thoughts and ideas, and non-mental matter is an illusion produced by the mind of God.
Examples
Dualism
◆ Interactionism - If in case you want to hug someone, the mental decision to hug someone causes you to hug a person. The physical event of being hugged by you brings about a mental reaction of warmth and happiness in that person.
◆ Epiphenomenalism - Your hug was translated from a physical event into a mental one by the person, but it wasn't his/her mental decision that brought about the hug.
◆ Parallelism - The act of hugging is a purely physical process regulated by mechanical movements, and the mental experience of joy and warmth were purely mental as there is no physical basis for such emotions.
Monism
◆ Materialism - Brian Greene's string theory, that claims that all matter is composed of one-dimensional strings of energy.
◆ Idealism - George Berkeley's philosophy that claimed that all perceivable entities were due to the mental imagination of them in God's mind.
sursa:
https://psychologenie.com/dualism-vs...-in-philosophy